EVENING PRIMROSE OIL

Evening Primrose Oil For Acne

2012-01-26T22:31:00.000-08:00

Evening Primrose Oil For Acne

How Does Evening Primrose Oil Work on Acne?
Aside from treating swelling and itchiness, there are other symptoms of acne which Evening Primrose Oil can help alleviate.

Inflammation
Any other signs that are leading to, or are caused by inflammation due to acne can be treated with evening primrose oil.

Flaking
In severe cases of acne, affected areas of your skin may start to flake. This, too, may be treated with Evening Primrose Oil.

Reducing Sebum
Sebum is the viscous oily substance primarily responsible for acne development. When your skin produces too much sebum, your pores get clogged, which can then lead to acne. In worst*case scenario, this can lead to severe skin lesions.

With Evening Primrose Oil for Acne, the fatty acids it contains can help reduce the sebum levels of your skin. It clears away any blockage in your pores and thus helps in preventing lesions from developing.

Possible Evening Primrose Oil Interactions

2012-01-20T22:27:00.000-08:00

Possible Evening Primrose Oil Interactions:

If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use Evening Primrose Oil without first talking to your health care provider.

Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) -- Evening Primrose Oil may raise the risk of bleeding, especially if you take blood-thinners such as aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin), and clopidogrel (Plavix).

Blood pressure medications -- Evening Primrose Oil may lower blood pressure in some people, although researchers aren' t sure. If you take medications to treat high blood pressure, ask your doctor before taking EPO.

Phenothizines -- People who take a class of medications called phenothiazines to treat schizophrenia should not take Evening Primrose Oil because it may increase the risk of seizures.

Medications to control seizures --Evening Primrose Oil may lower the threshold for seizures, so people who are prone to seizures should not take it.

Antidepressants -- It' s possible, although researchers aren' t sure, that EPO may interact with some antidepressants, including selective serotonin uptake inhibitors such as:

* Citalopram (Celexa)
* Escitalopram (Lexapro)
* Fluoxetine (Prozac)
* Paroxetine (Paxil)
* Sertraline (Zoloft)

Medicinal Uses of Evening Primrose Oil and Indications

2012-01-15T22:24:00.000-08:00

Medicinal Uses of Evening Primrose Oil and Indications:

Evening Primrose Oil is used mostly to relieve the itchiness causes by certain skin conditions, such as eczema and dermatitis. It is also used to ease breast tenderness from premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or other causes. Some of the uses for Evening Primrose Oil include:

Eczema

Eczema symptoms include redness and scaling in addition to itching. More than 30 human studies report the benefits of Evening Primrose Oil for eczema and dermatitis. A study of 1,207 patients found that EPO helped relieve symptoms from skin conditions, including itching, crusting, edema (fluid, swelling), and redness. EPO can be used in children and adults with skin conditions.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Many women throughout the world take EPO to reduce symptoms of PMS, although there isn' t any real scientific evidence that it works. In one review of 10 studies that used EPO to treat PMS, only two were well designed. Both of those studies found that EPO had no effect on PMS symptoms. Better studies are needed to know for sure.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Although a few studies have found that people with RA who took Evening Primrose Oil felt better, the studies were hampered by poor design and high drop-out rates. Also, there wasn' t any evidence that taking EPO actually helped slow down the joint damage that happens with RA. Rheumatoid arthritis should be treated with conventional medications, to slow down or stop permanent joint damage.

Raynaud' s phenomenon

One small study suggests that taking EPO may help reduce symptoms in some people with Raynaud' s phenomenon. But the study found no difference in hand temperature between people who took Evening Primrose Oil and those who took placebo. More studies are needed.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a nerve condition where people with diabetes have numbness, tingling, pain, burning, or lack of sensation in their feet and legs. Two studies have found that GLA may help reduce symptoms of diabetic neuropathy.

Breast pain

Although there is not a lot of scientific evidence, Evening Primrose Oil is widely used to treat breast pain (mastalgia) in a number of European countries. A few studies have found that EPO seemed to help, but they have not been well-designed studies. Other studies show no benefit.

Menopausal symptoms

Although Evening Primrose Oil has gotten popular for treating hot flashes, there is no scientific evidence that it actually helps.

What's Evening Primrose Oil Made Of?

2012-01-09T22:21:00.000-08:00

What's Evening Primrose Oil Made Of?

Evening Primrose Oil is extracted from the seeds and prepared as medicine using a chemical called hexane. The seeds have up to 25% essential fatty acids including linoleic acid (LA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Both LA and GLA belong to the omega-6 family of fatty acids. The body needs a balance of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish oil) to stay healthy. Most North Americans get too much omega-6 fatty acids in their diet. However, there are different types of omega-6 fatty acids. Some are more healthy, such as those found in evening primrose oil.

Other sources of GLA include spirulina (a blue-green algae), borage, hemp, and black currant oils.

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Evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis L.)

2011-10-23T08:23:00.000-07:00

EVENING PRIMROSE OIL
Background

Evening primrose oil (EPO) contains an omega-6 essential fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which is believed to be the active ingredient. EPO has been studied in a wide variety of
disorders, particularly those affected by metabolic products of essential fatty acids. However, high-quality evidence for its use in most conditions is still lacking.

Synonyms

Bronchipret TP FCT, Echte Nachtkerze, Evening primrose oil EPO, fever plant, gamma-linolenic acid, herbe aux anes, Huile D'Onagre, kaempe natlys, king's cureall, la belle de nuit, linoleic acid, nachtkerzenol, night willow-herb, Oenothera communis Leveill, Oenothera graveolens Gilib, omega-6 essential fatty acid, Onagra biennis Scop, Onogra vulgaris , onagre bisannuelle, primrose, primrose oil, scabish, Spach, stella di sera, sun drop, Teunisbloem.

Evidence
These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by
a qualified healthcare provider.

Uses based on scientific evidence

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
There are several studies of evening primrose oil taken by mouth for eczema. Large well-designed studies are needed before a strong recommendation can be made. Evening primrose oil is approved for skin disorders in several countries
outside of the United States.

Breast cancer
Not enough information is available to advise the use of evening primrose oil for breast cancer. People with known or suspected breast cancer should consult with a qualified healthcare professional about possible treatments.

Breast cysts
The limited available research does not demonstrate that evening primrose oil has a significant effect on treating breast cysts.

Breast pain (mastalgia)
Although primrose oil is used for breast pain in several European countries, high-quality human studies using this treatment are lacking. Therefore, the available information does not allow recommendation for or against the use of primrose oil in this condition.

Bronchitis
There is evidence that primrose oil, in combination with thyme, may have some benefits in the treatment of acute bronchitis. However, it is unclear if primrose alone is useful in treating bronchitis. More studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of primrose oil alone as a therapy for bronchitis.

Chronic fatigue syndrome/post-viral infection symptoms
Not enough information is available to advise the use of evening primrose oil for symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome or fatigue following a viral infection.

Diabetes
A small number of laboratory studies and theory suggests that evening primrose oil may be helpful in diabetes, but more information is needed before a firm recommendation can be
made.

Diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage)
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), one of the components of evening primrose oil, may be helpful in people with diabetic neuropathy. Additional studies are needed before a strong
recommendation can be made.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)
It is theorized that primrose oil may be helpful in patients with MS based on laboratory studies. Limited evidence is available in humans.

Obesity/weight loss
Initial human study is unclear about the effects that evening primrose oil may have on weight loss.

Osteoporosis
Primrose oil has been suggested as a possible treatment for bone loss/osteoporosis. However, osteoporosis studies using primrose oil as a treatment are lacking. Well-designed human trials are needed before primrose oil can be recommended for osteoporosis therapy.

Pre-eclampsia/high blood pressure of pregnancy
Evening primrose oil is proposed to have effects on chemicals in the blood called prostaglandins, which may play a role in pre-eclampsia. However, more studies are needed before a firm
conclusion can be drawn.

Raynaud's phenomenon
Not enough scientific information is available to advise the use of evening primrose oil for Raynaud's phenomenon.

Rheumatoid arthritis
Benefits of evening primrose oil in the treatment of arthritis have not clearly been shown. More information is needed before a firm recommendation can be made.

Scale-like dry skin (ichthyosis vulgaris)
Not enough scientific information is available to advise the use of evening primrose oil for dry skin.

Asthma
Available evidence does not support the use of evening primrose oil as a treatment for asthma. Further research is needed to confirm this conclusion.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Small human studies show a lack of benefit from evening primrose oil in ADHD. Further research is needed to confirm this conclusion.

Cardiovascular health
Early study of evening primrose oil shows a lack of beneficial effects on cardiovascular function and health.

Menopause (flushing/bone metabolism)
Available studies do not show evening primrose oil to be helpful with these potential complications of menopause. More evidence of effectiveness is needed before primrose can be
recommended as a treatment for menopausal symptoms.

Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)
Small human studies do not report that evening primrose oil is helpful for the symptoms of PMS.
Psoriasis
Initial research does not show a benefit from evening primrose oil in the treatment of psoriasis.

Schizophrenia
Results from studies of mixed quality do not support the use of evening primrose oil for schizophrenia. In contrast, fish oils have shown some promise in this disease, and further
study is merited.

Dosing
The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.

Adults (18 years and older)

Studies in the treatment of eczema have used doses of 4 to 8 grams of evening primrose oil (EPO) daily, taken by mouth, divided into several smaller doses throughout the day. Studies
treating breast pain have used doses of 3 grams EPO daily, taken by mouth, divided into several smaller doses throughout the day.

Children (younger than 18 years)

Studies in children treated for skin conditions have used 3 grams of evening primrose oil daily, taken by mouth, divided into several smaller doses throughout the day. It is reported that the maximum dose should not be greater than 0.5 gram per kilogram of body weight daily. Medical supervision is required.

Safety
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Allergies

Allergy or hypersensitivity to evening primrose oil has not been widely reported. Individuals with allergy or adverse reactions to plants in the Onagraceae family, gamma-linolenic acid, or other ingredients in evening primrose oil should avoid its use. Contact dermatitis (skin rash) is possible.

Side Effects and Warnings

Several reports describe seizures in individuals taking evening primrose oil (EPO). Some of these seizures developed in people with a previous seizure disorder, or in individuals taking EPO in combination with anesthetics. Based on these reports, people with seizure disorders should not take EPO. EPO should be used cautiously with drugs used to treat mental illness such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine®), thioridazine (Mellaril®), trifluoperazine (Stelazine®), or fluphenazine (Prolixin®), due to an increased risk of seizure. Patients who plan to undergo surgery requiring anesthesia should stop taking EPO two weeks ahead of time because of the possibility of seizure.

Other reports describe occasional headache, abdominal pain, nausea, and loose stools in people taking EPO. In animal studies, gamma-linolenic acid (an ingredient of evening primrose oil) is reported to decrease blood pressure. Early results in human studies do not show consistent changes in blood pressure.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

There is not enough information to recommend the safe use of evening primrose oil during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Evening primrose oil
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Evening Primrose Oil- Prevent diabetes-associated nerve damage

2011-09-27T14:27:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil- Prevent diabetes-associated nerve damage
Research indicates that the GLA in evening primrose oil can help prevent, and in some cases even reverse, the nerve damage (neuropathy) so commonly seen with diabetes. In a year-long study, such symptoms as numbness, tingling, and loss of sensation in participants with mild diabetic neuropathy were less marked in those who took evening primrose oil than in those who took a placebo.
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Evening Primrose Oil Help treat acne and rosacea

2011-08-27T14:27:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil Help treat acne and rosacea
By working to dilute sebum, a thick oily substance that is oversecreted in some people with acne, the essential fatty acids in evening primrose oil may reduce the risk of pores becoming clogged and lesions developing. The oil's EFAs help treat rosacea by reducing inflammation, controlling cells' use of nutrients and by producing prostaglandins, which stimulate the contraction of blood vessels.

Evening primrose oil (EPO)

2011-08-07T08:33:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil, what does it do?

Evening primrose oil (EPO), black currant seed oil, and borage oil contain gamma linolenic acid (GLA), a fatty acid that the body converts to a hormone-like substance called prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). PGE1 has anti-inflammatory properties and may also act as a blood thinner and blood vessel dilator.

The anti-inflammatory properties of EPO have been studied in double-blind research with people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Some, but not all, studies have reported that EPO
supplementation provides significant benefit to these people.

GLA, the primary active ingredient in EPO, has anticancer activity in test tube studies2 and in some,but not all,animal studies. Injecting GLA into tumors has caused regression of cancer in people in preliminary research. Very preliminary evidence in people with cancer suggested “marked subjective improvement,” though not all studies find GLA helpful.

EPO has been reported to lower cholesterol levels in people in some, but not all, research.
EPO supplementation has been shown to improve skin itching, redness and dryness associated with kidney dialysis.

Linoleic acid, a common fatty acid found in nuts and seeds and most vegetable oils (including EPO), should theoretically be converted to PGE1. But many things can interfere with this conversion, including disease, the aging process, saturated fat, hydrogenated oils, blood sugar problems, and inadequate vitamin C, magnesium, zinc, and B vitamins. Supplements that
provide GLA circumvent these conversion problems, leading to more predictable formation of PGE1

Where is Evening Primrose Oil found?
EPO is found primarily in supplements. Its presumed active ingredient, GLA, can also be found in black currant seed oil and borage oil supplements. However, it is not known whether the effects of these three oils in the body are the same.

Who is likely to be deficient?
Those with premenstrual syndrome,diabetes, scleroderma, Sjogren’s syndrome,tardive dyskinesia,eczema, and other skin conditions can have a metabolic block that interferes with the body’s ability to make GLA. In preliminary research, supplementation with EPO has helped people with these conditions.

There is evidence that alcoholics may be deficient in GLA, and a double-blind study suggested that alcohol withdrawal may be facilitated with EPO supplementation. Many people in Western
societies may be at least partially GLA-deficient as a result of aging, glucose intolerance, high dietary fat intake, and other problems. People with deficiencies would presumably benefit from supplemental GLA intake from EPO, black currant seed oil, or borage oil.

How much Evening Primrose Oil is usually taken?
Although many people may have inadequate levels of GLA, the optimal intake for this nutrient remains unknown. Researchers often use 3,000–6,000 mg of EPO per day, which provides approximately 270–540 mg of GLA.

Are there any side effects or interactions of Evening Primrose Oil?
EPO has been reported to exacerbate symptoms of temporal lobe epilepsy, which can sometimes be mistaken for schizophrenia.Other nutrients are needed by the body, along with EPO, to make PGE1. Consequently, some experts suggest that magnesium, zinc, vitamin C, niacin, and vitamin B6 should be taken along with EPO.

Are there any drug interactions?
Certain medications may interact with evening primrose oil. Refer to the drug interactions safety check for a list of those medications.

Evening Primrose Oil

2011-08-01T08:18:00.000-07:00

What is Evening Primrose Oil?

Evening Primrose Oil, a natural source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), is well known for modifying the inflammatory response and maintaining hormonal balance. This versatile oil comes from the tiny seeds of a wildflower, Oenothera biennis L., native to North America, and has been studied for its positive influence on prostaglandin synthesis. GLA may also support the healthy growth and maintenance of skin, hair, and nails. All of the evening primrose oil used in the Weil formula is cold pressed without the use of solvents. Weil Evening Primrose Oil is encapsulated exclusively in vegetarian, liquid-filled capsules.

"Evening primrose oil is a natural source of a fatty acid called GLA (gamma-linolenic acid). Very hard to come by in the diet, GLA is an effective anti-inflammatory agent with none of the side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs. It also promotes healthy growth of skin, hair, and nails. I frequently suggest evening primrose oil for skin conditions (including brittle nails and hair), arthritis, autoimmune disorders, and premenstrual syndrome. Do not expect immediate results; it takes six to eight weeks to see changes after adding GLA to the diet."
Andrew Weil, M.D.

Evening Primrose Oil- Counter impotence and female infertility

2011-07-27T14:29:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil- Counter impotence and female infertility
By promoting blood flow, the GLA in evening primrose oil can help treat a primary cause of male impotence; compromised circulation leading to impaired penile blood flow. The oil is often taken with vitamin C and ginkgo biloba for this purpose. In addition, when the oil is taken long term, GLA can help prevent blood vessel narrowing, often a consequence of plaque buildup from high cholesterol. By improving uterine function, GLA may also help those who are unable to conceive.

Evening Primrose Oil for Atopic Dermatitis

2011-07-20T20:33:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil for Atopic Dermatitis

With concerns about using topical corticosteroids for atopic dermatitis sometimes reaching phobic proportions,1 the emergence of a natural plant oil extract as a possible alternative treatment was well received in the early 1980s. Interest was fuelled because evening primrose oil extract (containing 8-10% of gamma linolenic acid (GLA)) appeared to cause few side effects and because there was a very plausible mechanism to explain why supplementation with this essential fatty acid might work in atopic dermatitis. The scene was therefore set for a new treatment, and physicians like myself were delighted to have another option to offer patients with this miserable condition.

Since then many studies have evaluated the efficacy of oral gamma linolenic acid supplementation for atopic dermatitis, with conflicting results. Fifteen studies (10 dealing with evening primrose oil, and five with borage oil, which contains even higher concentrations of GLA) were summarised in a systematic review of atopic dermatitis treatments that I and others
conducted for the NHS Health Technology Assessment programmes. Although we could not pool the data because of differences between study participants, GLA doses, and outcomes (which were often clinically meaningless), we found that the largest and best reported studies did not show convincing evidence of any benefit.

Medicines Control Agency’s decision to withdraw the product licence, suggests that GLA supplementation for atopic dermatitis has had its day.
Yet many questions surrounding the story of evening primrose oil for eczema remain unanswered:

how was this drug licensed in the first place and why have so few data been available in the public domain for open scientific debate?

Unanswered questions

In 1989 Horrobin et al published a meta-analysis in the British Journal of Dermatology of the two earliest studies plus another seven small (14-47 participants) company sponsored studies of evening primrose oil (Epogam, Scotia Pharmaceuticals) for atopic dermatitis. They found that atopic dermatitis improvement scores for evening primrose oil were significantly better
than placebo, with effects on itch being “particularly striking.” Apart from the fact that the
seven company trials included in that study have never since appeared in the public domain, the other concern about that meta-analysis was its exclusion of the one other independent and relatively large study (123 participants) by Bamford .
The company authors of the meta-analysis suggested that active versus placebo treatments became mixed up in the Bamford study, based on an analysis done by the company of fatty acid levels in blood samples taken from study participants. After this meta-analysis was published,
others thought it odd that Bamford et al never published a response to the company’s serious
criticisms of their study.10 In fact Bamford immediately wrote a lengthy and clear explanation of the steps that were in place to avoid such purported contamination, but he was refused an opportunity to defend his study with a published response because the journal decided that Bamford’s response did not add anything to the understanding on the use of evening primrose oil as a supplemental treatment for atopic eczema (J Bamford, written communication 12 Nov 2003).
In desperation, Bamford tried to publish his response in other dermatology journals, but without success, so his defence of his original paper (a copy of which is now sitting on my desk) has to this day remained unpublished.
A year later, two British dermatologists wrote a detailed review article on evening primrose oil and atopic dermatitis. Out of courtesy, they showed a copy of the peer reviewed article to the manufacturers, who intimated their intent to pursue the matter legally further if the authors did not withdraw or modify the article substantially. (J Marsden, written communication,
27 November 2003).

Too little data in the public domain

The Health Technology Assessment systematic review published in 2000 provided an opportunity for the company to hand over its unpublished studies for inclusion in that report.5 Although Searle wrote back to tell us that they would be “compiling the data,” no data have
been forthcoming to date.We can only hope that it will be compiled in time for the current Cochrane review on GLA supplementation for atopic dermatitis. Finally, in the autumn of 2002 the Medicines Control Agency withdrew the marketing authorisations for evening primrose oil following a “review of all the relevant information, including new studies,” although which information and new studies is unclear from the very limited information available on the agency’s website.

In fairness to the innovators of evening primrose oil for atopic dermatitis, they evaluated their product more than many other products used in dermatology. Nobody would have been happier than myself if evening primrose oil had produced a clinically worthwhile benefit for eczema sufferers. But the history of its development has been marred by lack of data in the public domain. As we bid goodnight to the evening primrose oil story, perhaps we can awaken to a world where all clinical trial data, derived from people who are good enough to volunteer for such studies, reach the light of day, where they can be openly debated in the public domain.

EVENING PRIMROSE OIL - ORAL

2011-07-05T18:22:00.000-07:00

EVENING PRIMROSE OIL - ORAL

USES: Evening primrose oil has been used for decreasing the risk of heart disease by lowering cholesterol and by decreasing the risk of blood clots (decreased platelet aggregation). It has also been used for controlling symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), to reduce breast pain, to decrease symptoms of cystic breast disease as well as for skin conditions (eczema). Some herbal/diet supplement products have been found to contain possibly harmful impurities/additives. Check with your pharmacist for more details regarding the particular
brand you use. The FDA has not reviewed this product for safety or effectiveness. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more details.

HOW TO USE EVENING PRIMROSE OIL: Take this product by mouth as directed. Follow all directions on the product package. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist. If your condition persists or worsens, or if you think you may have a serious medical problem, seek immediate medical attention.

SIDE EFFECTS OF EVENING PRIMROSE OIL: Indigestion, nausea, soft stools, or headache may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, contact your doctor promptly. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

PRECAUTIONS: If you have any of the following health problems, consult your doctor before using Evening Primrose Oil: psychiatric disorder (schizophrenia). Liquid preparations of this product may contain sugar and/or alcohol. Caution is advised if you have diabetes, alcohol dependence or liver disease. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about the safe use of this product. This product is not recommended for use during pregnancy. Consult your doctor before using this product. Because of the potential risk to the infant, breast-feeding while using this product is not recommended. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Evening Primrose Oil-Ease the joint pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis

2011-06-27T14:29:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil-Ease the joint pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis
Supplementation with evening primrose oil and other sources of GLA has been shown to lessen the joint pain and swelling of this crippling disease. A six-month study reported fewer signs of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis sufferers taking capsules containing GLA than in those taking a placebo. In another trial, the number of tender joints and swollen joints dropped significantly with GLA but not with a placebo.

Evening Primrose Oil-Relieve the discomforts of PMS, menstruation, endometriosis and fibrocystic breasts

2011-05-27T14:30:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil-Relieve the discomforts of PMS, menstruation, endometriosis and fibrocystic breasts

By interfering with the production of inflammatory prostaglandins released during menstruation, the GLA in evening primrose oil can help to lessen menstrual cramps. It may also minimise premenstrual breast tenderness, irritable bowel flare-ups, and carbohydrate cravings, and help to control endometriosis-associated inflammation. Many PMS sufferers are found to have unusually low levels of GLA in their systems, which is why supplements might help so much. In women with fibrocystic breasts, the oil's essential fatty acids can minimise breast inflammation and promote the absorption of iodine, a mineral that can be present in abnormally low levels in women with this condition.

Evening Primrose Oil Beneficial

2011-04-27T14:33:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil Beneficial
Research has also shown GLA in evening primrose oil to be beneficial for a number of other conditions including:

* arthritis, especially rheumatoid arthritis, where studies with GLA in evening primrose oil show significant improvement in joint stiffness, swelling, and overall discomfort
* skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis where research has shown that eczema may be linked to a GLA deficiency
* cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension and high blood cholesterol
* diabetic neuropathy
* improved immune function
* certain forms of cancer

The body becomes depleted of GLA as we age, and also as we consume excessive amounts of trans-fatty acids, saturated fats and food additives. Supplementing with GLA in evening primrose oil can help restore the youthfulness of skin and hair as well as help improve general well-being.

Hundreds of well-documented studies of evening primrose oil have also revealed its beneficial effects in the treatment and prevention of:

* asthma
* allergies
* obesity
* multiple sclerosis
* hyperactivity
* premenstrual syndrome

In some studies, evening primrose oil has been shown to:

* increase the desirable anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E1 series
* help restore the gastrointestinal lining & heal ulcerations (improving nutrient absorption & food intolerance)
* help with autoimmune diseases (including Lupus and Crohn's disease)
* benefit fibrocystic breast disease
* benefit diabetic neuropathy
* reduce symptoms of alcohol withdrawal and help prevent liver & central nervous system damage from alcohol
* potentiate insulin effects
* increase feelings of well-being

Overall, evening primrose oil is an extremely valuable natural health supplement with many health benefits.
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Why evening primrose oil works

2010-08-27T14:24:00.000-07:00

Why evening primrose oil works

Evening primrose oil provides a pure dose of gamma linoleic acid (GLA), which has few sources in nature. But it's important to know how the GLA in evening primrose oil works so that you can decide whether you need it or whether lifestyle changes alone might be enough to help you. So here is the tale of the brambly thicket in the Hormone Jungle known as "prostaglandins," hormone-like chemicals that have very short lives and very large local effects.

To make prostaglandins, you need essential fatty acids--"essential" because our bodies don't make them so we have to eat them. There are two kinds of essential fatty acids that are important here--omega 6 fatty acids and omega 3 fatty acids. We need both kinds to be healthy. A lot has been written lately about omega 3 fatty acids, which come from fish, but omega 6's are even more important. The essential fatty acid in the omega 6 family is linoleic acid (LA). After we eat LA, an enzyme (delta 6 desaturase, for you biochemistry groupies) shows up and changes LA into a new form, GLA. That evolves into DGLA, which hovers in indecision, sniffing the bloodstream for omega 3 fatty acids. If it finds omega 3's, it becomes our hero, prostaglandin 1. If DGLA finds no omega 3's, it becomes arachidonic acid (AA), which becomes the villain--prostaglandin 2, which clots the blood, creates inflammation, makes stress reactions worse, and plays a role in causing endometriosis.(7, 10)

So, prostaglandin 1 is good because it prevents inflammation, stops cells from multiplying (as in endometriosis and cancer), and blocks prostaglandin 2 production(44). It also prevents blood clots, lowers cholesterol, reduces blood pressure, fixes defective T-lymphocyte immune cells (important for cancer , allergies, and infections), and maintains salt and water balance, nerve conduction, and gastrointestinal function.(3, 5)

Doctors have thought this was interesting as biochemistry but irrelevant for patients because an average American eats 10 times more LA than needed.(44) We couldn't possibly be deficient.

There are three big ways things can go wrong. The DGLA may decide to become AA because it can't find any omega 3 fatty acids in the bloodstream. Prostaglandin 1 constantly breaks down so it has to be replaced all the time.(4). (We can't replace prostaglandin 1 directly at this time because it breaks down so fast, though there is an experimental synthetic version).(44) The worst problem though is that the enzyme may not show up or it may be unable to do its job. Some people are born with limited ability to make the enzyme, some people don't give it the right kinds of fat to use, and some have a wide range of medical conditions that block it. There are two areas in our control.
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Evening Primrose Oil Interactions with Herbs and Dietary Supplements

2009-09-23T23:47:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil Interactions with Herbs and Dietary Supplements
In animal studies, gamma-linolenic acid (an ingredient of evening primrose oil) is reported to lower blood pressure. Therefore, in theory, evening primrose oil may have effects on blood pressure, and should be used cautiously when combined with other agents that may lower blood pressure.

Theoretically, evening primrose oil may have additive effects when taken concomitantly with thyme, because a fixed combination of thyme fluid extract and primrose root tincture (Bronchicum Tropfen) has been used in studies to treat bronchitis.

Primrose oil may potentially interact with herbs and supplements used to treat arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, seizures, viral infections, and psychosis. Primrose oil may interact with stimulants and herbs and supplements that are metabolized in the liver. Antineoplastics may also interact with evening primrose oil.
evening-primrose-oil-precautions

Evening Primrose Oil Interactions with Drugs

2009-09-23T23:46:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil Interactions with Drugs

Because of reported seizures in people taking evening primrose oil alone or in combination with certain medications used to treat mental illness, patients should use caution when combining evening primrose oil with medications like chlorpromazine (Thorazine®), thioridazine (Mellaril®), trifluoperazine (Stelazine®), or fluphenazine (Prolixin®). Individuals undergoing surgery requiring general anesthesia may be more sensitive to developing seizures, and should stop taking evening primrose oil two weeks ahead of time. In people with a history of seizures, doses of anti-seizure medications may require adjustment because evening primrose oil may increase the risk of seizures.

An ingredient of evening primrose oil, gamma-linolenic acid, is reported to lower blood pressure in animal studies. Although human studies do not show clear changes in blood pressure, people taking certain blood pressure medications should consult with a healthcare professional before starting evening primrose oil.

Possible additive effects may occur when evening primrose oil is taken with anticoagulants (blood thinners) and drugs used to treat arthritis.

Possible interactions may occur with antidepressants, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Interactions may also occur with the following: antineoplastic agents, anti-obesity agents, antiviral agents, CNS stimulants, drugs metabolized by the liver, gastrointestinal treatments, and neurological agents.
Evening Primrose oil ...evening-primrose-oil-oral

Evening Primrose Oil Side Effects and Warnings

2009-09-23T23:45:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil Side Effects and Warnings

Several reports describe seizures in individuals taking evening primrose oil (EPO). Some of these seizures developed in people with a previous seizure disorder, or in individuals taking evening primrose oil in combination with anesthetics. Based on these reports, people with seizure disorders should not take EPO. Evening primrose oil should be used cautiously with drugs used to treat mental illness such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine®), thioridazine (Mellaril®), trifluoperazine (Stelazine®), or fluphenazine (Prolixin®), due to an increased risk of seizure. Patients who plan to undergo surgery requiring anesthesia should stop taking EPO two weeks ahead of time because of the possibility of seizure.

Other reports describe occasional headache, abdominal pain, nausea, and loose stools in people taking evening primrose oil . In animal studies, gamma-linolenic acid (an ingredient of evening primrose oil) is reported to decrease blood pressure. Early results in human studies do not show consistent changes in blood pressure.

Evening primrose oil ....

how-does-evening-primrose-oil-help-you.

Evening Primrose Oil Precautions:

2009-09-23T23:42:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil Precautions:

Evening Primrose Oil is generally safe when used in recommended dosages. Reported side effects are rare and mild, and include nausea, stomach pain, and headache. Stomach pain and loose stools may be indications that the dosage is too high.

Omega-6 supplements, including GLA and EPO, should not be used if you have a seizure disorder because there have been reports of these supplements inducing seizures.

EPO should not be taken if you have bleeding problems or a blood disorder.

Taking EPO while breastfeeding is considered safe as breast milk actually contains both LA and GLA.
Evening Primrose Oil.....
what's-evening-primrose-oil-made-of

What's Evening Primrose Oil Made Of

2009-09-23T23:41:00.000-07:00

What's Evening Primrose Oil Made Of?:

Evening Primrose Oil is extracted from the seeds and prepared as medicine using a chemical called hexane. The seeds contain up to 25% essential fatty acids including linoleic acid (LA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Both LA and GLA belong to the omega-6 family of fatty acids. The vast majority of North Americans get too much omega-6 fatty acid in their diet. However, there are different types of omega-6 fatty acids. Some are health promoting, such as those found in evening primrose oil (EPO), while others can be more harmful, such as those typically found in the standard American diet. The body needs a balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids to function normally. Omega-3 oils can be found in cold water fish such as salmon, as well as some plant sources, or in dietary supplements.

Other sources of GLA include spirulina (a blue-green algae), borage, hemp, and black currant oils.
Evening Primrose oil.....
evening-primrose-oil-oral.

Evening Primrose Oil Plant Description

2009-09-23T23:40:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil Plant Description:

A circle of leaves grows close to the ground around evening primrose stems after the first year it is planted. Flowers bloom after sunset, June through September, or on overcast days during the second year. The leaves grow on both sides of the stem at alternating levels. This monograph focuses on the seed from which the oil is extracted. Evening Primrose Oil....
evening-primrose-oil-uses-based-on scientific research

EVENING PRIMROSE OIL Uses based on scientific evidence

2009-09-23T23:32:00.000-07:00

EVENING PRIMROSE OIL Uses based on scientific evidence

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

There are several studies of evening primrose oil taken by mouth for eczema. Large well-designed studies are needed before a strong recommendation can be made. Evening primrose oil is approved for skin disorders in several countries outside of the United States. B

Breast cancer

Not enough information is available to advise the use of evening primrose oil for breast cancer. People with known or suspected breast cancer should consult with a qualified healthcare professional about possible treatments. C

Breast cysts

The limited available research does not demonstrate that evening primrose oil has a significant effect on treating breast cysts. C

Breast pain (mastalgia)

Although evening primrose oil is used for breast pain in several European countries, high-quality human studies using this treatment are lacking. Therefore, the available information does not allow recommendation for or against the use of primrose oil in this condition. C

Bronchitis

There is evidence that primrose oil, in combination with thyme, may have some benefits in the treatment of acute bronchitis. However, it is unclear if primrose alone is useful in treating bronchitis. More studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of primrose oil alone as a therapy for bronchitis. C

Chronic fatigue syndrome/post-viral infection symptoms

Not enough information is available to advise the use of evening primrose oil for symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome or fatigue following a viral infection. C

Diabetes

A small number of laboratory studies and theory suggests that evening primrose oil may be helpful in diabetes, but more information is needed before a firm recommendation can be made. C

Diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage)

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), one of the components of evening primrose oil, may be helpful in people with diabetic neuropathy. Additional studies are needed before a strong recommendation can be made. C

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

It is theorized that primrose oil may be helpful in patients with MS based on laboratory studies. Limited evidence is available in humans. C

Obesity/weight loss

Initial human study is unclear about the effects that evening primrose oil may have on weight loss. C

Osteoporosis

Primrose oil has been suggested as a possible treatment for bone loss/osteoporosis. However, osteoporosis studies using primrose oil as a treatment are lacking. Well-designed human trials are needed before primrose oil can be recommended for osteoporosis therapy. C

Pre-eclampsia/high blood pressure of pregnancy

Evening primrose oil is proposed to have effects on chemicals in the blood called prostaglandins, which may play a role in pre-eclampsia. However, more studies are needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn. C

Raynaud's phenomenon

Not enough scientific information is available to advise the use of evening primrose oil for Raynaud's phenomenon. C

Rheumatoid arthritis

Benefits of evening primrose oil in the treatment of arthritis have not clearly been shown. More information is needed before a firm recommendation can be made. C

Scale-like dry skin (ichthyosis vulgaris)

Not enough scientific information is available to advise the use of evening primrose oil for dry skin. C

Asthma

Available evidence does not support the use of evening primrose oil as a treatment for asthma. Further research is needed to confirm this conclusion. D

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Small human studies show a lack of benefit from evening primrose oil in ADHD. Further research is needed to confirm this conclusion. D

Cardiovascular health

Early study of evening primrose oil shows a lack of beneficial effects on cardiovascular function and health. D

Menopause (flushing/bone metabolism)

Available studies do not show evening primrose oil to be helpful with these potential complications of menopause. More evidence of effectiveness is needed before primrose can be recommended as a treatment for menopausal symptoms. D

Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)

Small human studies do not report that evening primrose oil is helpful for the symptoms of PMS. D

Psoriasis

Initial research does not show a benefit from evening primrose oil in the treatment of psoriasis. D

Schizophrenia

Results from studies of mixed quality do not support the use of evening primrose oil for schizophrenia. In contrast, fish oils have shown some promise in this disease, and further study is merited.

*Key to grades
A: Strong scientific evidence for this use;
B: Good scientific evidence for this use;
C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use;
D: Fair scientific evidence against this use;
F: Strong scientific evidence against this use..

evening-primrose-oil-plant-description

How does Evening Primrose Oil help you in getting pregnant?

2008-12-20T21:26:00.000-08:00

How does Evening Primrose Oil help you in getting pregnant?

Evening Primrose Oil or EPO lowers cholesterol, helps to alleviate premenstrual syndrome symptoms and aids in the production of fertile quality cervical fluid. Evening Primrose Oil or EPO does a world of good in treating aliments of all sorts. Evening Primrose Oil or EPO is an
essential fatty acid that contains gamma linolenic acid (GLA). This gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is converted to a hormone-like substance called prostaglandin E1 which has anti-inflammatory properties and may also act as a blood thinner and blood vessel dilator. These anti-inflammatory
properties of evening primrose oil help people suffering from pains, aches and cramps.

Evening Primrose Oil or EPO also has effects on premenstrual syndrome symptoms and cervical mucus. If you suffer from premenstrual syndrome, it could be because you are deficient in the fatty acid, gamma linolenic acid (GLA). Evening Primrose Oil or EPO can help your body to alleviate the premenstrual syndrome symptoms by replacing the gamma linolenic acid (GLA).

Evening Primrose Oil or EPO helps women to produce more fertile quality cervical fluid also known as “egg white cervical mucus”. This type of cervical fluid is fertile, thin, watery, clear and “stretchy” and easily aids the sperm to swim through the uterus and into the fallopian tube, and to the egg. Also, this type of fluid helps the sperm to stay alive for up to five days inside the
fallopian tube, thus enabling conception to happen even if you don’t have intercourse again by the time ovulation occurs.

If your cervical fluid is thick, brown or dry, it can obstruct or prevent fertilization. Some women are very dry, and have problems in producing an adequate amount of fertile quality cervical fluid. Drinking a lot of water and taking the Evening Primrose Oil or EPO can certainly help
in the production of fertile cervical fluid in these women.

What is the dosage for Evening Primrose Oil or EPO?

Evening Primrose Oil or EPO should only be taken from menstruation to ovulation. This is because Evening Primrose Oil or EPO can cause uterine contractions in pregnancy. The dosage taken should be 1500mg to 3000mg per day. Since essential fatty acids are necessary, you can take flax seed oil in place of Evening Primrose Oil or EPO after ovulation. This may be taken throughout pregnancy as well.There are many remedies out there to help with fertility, but few are as good as Evening Primrose Oil or EPO. Evening Primrose Oil or EPO is excellent for women because of the help it gives in alleviating premenstrual syndrome symptoms, and even menopausal women can benefit from taking it. There are a large number of women who will vouch for Evening Primrose Oil or EPO as a great agent to increase the fertile type cervical fluid.

Like all herbs, the use of Evening Primrose Oil or EPO can take a month or two to build up, and produce the results you are looking for. It is essential that you chart your fertility symptoms and signs, so you can know when you have ovulated. By knowing this information, you can discontinue the Evening Primrose Oil or EPO after ovulation and start the flax seed oil. Unless you are very regular, charting your fertility signs is the best tool to determine where you are in your cycle.

evening-primrose-oil.

Evening Primrose Oil is an Essential Fatty Acid Everybody

2008-12-20T21:01:00.000-08:00

Evening Primrose Oil is an Essential Fatty Acid Everybody

The tiny seeds of the evening primrose flower are the source of an oil that has been valued in the world for building health and overcoming a lot of common health problems. Evening primrose, also known as evening star, night willow herb, scabish, and tree primrose, has a recorded history of at least 500 years of use for its health promoting properties. Growing in a wider variety of climates, the plant can be found in rocky roadsides, shallow streams, or even high deserts.

The evening primrose plant can even be found growing at elevations as high as 9,000 feet. This plant has yellow flowers from July through September that open after sunset and are pollinated by insects of the night. Open only until sunrise, the flowers die the next day, causing hundreds of small black seeds to form inside. These seeds are the source of the plant?s oil, with about 5,000 seeds being used for just one 500 mg capsule. Due to this, evening primrose can be relatively expensive.

Evening primroses value in a variety of illnesses was recognized by American Indians and European immigrants. Indians used it to treat skin wounds, asthma, coughs, and also as a sedative. One of the first botanicals exported to Europe from North America, it was brought to Italy in 1619 and planted in the Padua Botanical Gardens. It was so valued by the Puritans that they called it the Kings cure-all and exported it to England. The ancients didn't know scientifically why evening primrose was so effective for so many illnesses, but that didn't affect its abilities. Modern science has found that the essential fatty acids that are found in the oil of the evening primrose oil seeds are the secret to the health-building properties.

Fat has gotten a bad name for itself in the past few years, but the truth is that there are actually certain types of fats that are vital for good health. One of these healthy fats is essential fatty acids, which are found in unprocessed vegetable, plant, and fish oils. One of the richest sources known is actually mother?s milk. Like vitamins and minerals, essential fatty acids are nutritional substances that have far-reaching effects on many body processes.

These effects include reducing blood pressure, helping to prevent arthritis, reducing the growth rate of breast cancer, lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels, maintaining healthy skin, aiding in transmission of nerve impulses, playing a role in normal brain function, constituting the building blocks of body membranes, promoting proper hormone function, and forming the basis
for prostaglandin production.

Because essential fatty acids can not be manufactured in the body, evening primrose oil must be consumed in the diet, with at least three percent of an adult?s daily caloric intake being recommended to be comprised of essential fatty acids. Children and pregnant women should have a diet containing at least five percent essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids are essential for normal functioning of all body tissues.

Because of this, the list of symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency includes :

reduced growth rate,
skin disorders,
male and female infertility,
kidney abnormalities,
decreased capillary resistance,
susceptibility to infection,
heart problems,
anemia,
enlarged liver,
sparse hair growth in infants,
poor wound healing,
and an increased susceptibility to infection.

In conclusion, to prevent or heal these conditions, a diet that is rich in essential fatty acids must be present. Evening primrose oil is a good source of essential fatty acids, containing about 72 percent linoleic acid and 9 percent GLA. Have you had your evening primrose oil today?
Is-evening-primrose-oil-effective?

Is Evening Primrose Oil an Effective Treatment of Mastalgia?

2008-12-20T20:47:00.000-08:00

Is Evening Primrose Oil an Effective Treatment of Mastalgia?

What is Mastalgia?

Mastalgia is commonly called breast pain. There are two main forms: cyclical and non-cyclical. Non-cyclical mastalgia could be pain that is felt in the breast but actually originates from a different area of the body such as nearby muscles or joints. It is described as a sharp pain that occurs in one area of the breast (www.webmd.com/hw/womenspain). With non-cyclical astalgia
the pain is present all the time. If the cause of non-cyclical mastalgia can be located, such as a cyst, then the pain is easier to alleviate.

Cyclic mastalgia is typically associated with the menstrual cycle and is normally related to hormone levels in a woman’s body. With cyclical mastalgia, the pain felt in the breast is not permanent. It normally comes and goes and the doctor recommends that the woman charts her pain in order to determine the pattern of occurrence .There are levels of pain and discomfort varying from barely noticeable to extremely severe. In its severity, cyclical mastalgia can prevent a woman from wearing tight fitting clothing and inhibit any contact to the breast. Due to the varying levels of pain, not all women need treatment. It is generally necessary to reassure the woman that she does not have breast cancer.

After this initial reassurance only women that experience pain that affects their quality of life need to seek treatment with either pharmaceuticals or alternative therapies like evening primrose oil.

Is Evening Primrose Oil Effective in Treating Mastalgia?

Four studies will be reviewed in order to assess the effect of evening primrose oil on both cyclical and non-cyclical mastalgia. The first study was conducted in the Cardiff mastalgia clinic by the University of Wales College of Medicine and published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1992.
The researchers at the clinic require that new patients make a breast pain chart for a period of two menstrual cycles. With this chart the researchers produced a baseline measuring the severity of pain. The chart also enables the researchers to distinguish between cyclical and
non-cyclical mastalgia. This is important because medication is generally less effective with non-cyclical mastalgia.

Over the course of 17 years 490 patients were given one of the following treatments for their pain: danazol 200mg daily, bromocriptine 5mg daily, or evening primrose oil 6X500mg capsules daily. The choice of the most appropriate treatment is made with the patient so that they are aware of any adverse side effects. Of the 490 patients, 375 had cyclical mastalgia and 115 had non-cyclical.

324 patients with cyclical mastalgia and 90 patients with non-cyclical mastalgia completed a therapeutic trial. With evening primrose oil a therapeutic trial lasted 4 months, whereas with danazol and bromocriptine the trial lasted 2 months. If the treatment was successful then it was stopped after a period of 6 months.

Both danazol (30%) and bromocriptine (35%) had more recorded adverse effects than evening primrose oil (4%).The study concluded that in terms of general effectiveness danazol was the most effective with evening primrose oil and bromocriptine having relatively equivalent efficacy
rates. However, unless the patient requires a rapid response to pain, evening primrose oil should be the first treatment option since it causes considerably less adverse effects.

The second study is similar to the first in that it compares the effectiveness of danazol,
bromocriptine and evening primrose oil. It was carried out by Pye, Mansel, and Hughes in 1985.
The design of the study was a randomized trial in open studies of 291 patients who were suffering from severe breast pain. 77% of the patients suffered from cyclical mastalgia while 44% suffered from non-cyclical mastalgia. This study demonstrated similar results to the first study in that all methods of treatment are relatively successful. There is not a significant difference between bromocriptine and evening primrose oil when looking at cyclic mastalgia. In non-cyclical mastalgia all three treatments are relatively close.

The third study looked at the effect of evening primrose oil and fish oil on severe chronic mastalgia. The Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center in Amsterdam carried out the study, specifically Bloomers et al. This
study was published in 2002 in the Amsterdam Journal of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
The design of the study is as follows. It was a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. The study was a factorial clinical trial, which means that the two methods of treatment, evening primrose oil and fish oil, were studied simultaneously. 120 women were randomly placed into 4 groups. The first group was the fish oil and control oil, second group was evening primrose oil and control oil, the third group was fish and evening primrose oil and the final group was both control oils. The study lasted 6 months. The control oils were corn oil and corn oil with wheat germ. After 6 months the number of days with breast pain was compared to the number of days with pain before treatment began.

The results are displayed in the following table with each percentage representing the decrease in days for each treatment and control.

Treatment

Decrease in Days %

1. Fish Oil
2. Control oil for Fish oil
3. Evening primrose oil
4. Control oil for evening primrose oil

The results demonstrate that all methods of treatment were successful in reducing the number of days of pain felt; however, no method is significantly more effective than another. Therefore, while evening primrose was effective, it was not more effective than the control of corn oil.

The fourth study, conducted by Goyel, Mansel and the Efamast Study Group looked at the effect of evening primrose oil, with and without antioxidants, in the management of mastalgia. The study was published in 2005 in the Breast Journal from the Department of Surgery at the Wales College of Medicine in Cardiff, UK.
The study was a randomized, “double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, multicenter study” . The study included 555 patients suffering from varying levels of mastalgia. Each patient was randomized into one of four groups. The first group received evening primrose oil and antioxidants, the second received placebo fatty acids and antioxidants. The third group received evening primrose oil and placebo antioxidants and the last group received placebo fatty acids and placebo antioxidants. The groups were charted for four menstrual cycles based on their group. After the first four cycles, all patients received evening primrose oil with the independent variable being the active or placebo antioxidants.

The results showed that all four groups showed a reduction in their mastalgia. Therefore, the effect of evening primrose oil does not differ from the placebo of fatty acids.

What Does All This Mean?

When looking specifically at the dates of the studies mentioned, it is clear that as the studies have progressed, not only have they become more sophisticated in their methods (i.e. using randomized double-blind studies that evenly disperse confounding variables), but they
collectively say that while evening primrose oil may help, it is not more effective than placebo effect (control oils).

Evening primrose oil unquestioningly reduces pain in women suffering from mastalgia; however, there are other treatments available that are more effective. Clearly stated, evening primrose oil has not been sufficiently demonstrated to be more effective than receiving fatty acids from foods such as sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, safflower oil, most nuts, vegetables and grains.

evening-primrose-oil-uses

Evening Primrose Oil Uses and Pharmacology

2008-12-20T20:24:00.000-08:00

Evening Primrose Oil Uses and Pharmacology

Essential fatty acids are important as cellular structural elements and as precursors of prostaglandins. Essential fatty acids are the biologically active parts of polyunsaturated fats and cannot be manufactured by the body. They must be provided by the diet in relatively large
amounts. 5 Recommended intake of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are 12 g and 1.1 g, respectively, for women 19 to 30 years of age.

In theory, the GLA provided by evening primrose oil can be converted directly to the prostaglandin precursor di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and might be beneficial to people unable to metabolize cis-linoleic acid to GLA or with low dietary intake of cis-linoleic acid. However, this relationship was not proven in a pharmacokinetic study in healthy humans.

Premenstrual syndrome/Menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms

A number of reviews and randomized clinical trials suggest there is little evidence to support the use of evening primrose oil for menopausal vasomotor symptoms or premenstrual syndrome. A satisfactory meta-analysis of the available data has not yet been achieved, but a protocol has been published by the Cochrane Collaboration, the results of which are pending.
The North American Menopause Society does not support the use of evening primrose oil for hot flash relief given the lack of efficacy data.

Mastalgia

A few researchers suggest benefit from evening primrose oil in the management of cyclic mastalgia, but there is little evidence to support this. One randomized, controlled trial found no benefit of evening primrose oil over control.

Rheumatoid arthritis

A Cochrane review of randomized trials using evening primrose oil versus placebo suggests some benefit in using evening primrose oil for rheumatoid arthritis, despite the relative poor quality of the individual studies. A trend toward reduction of morning stiffness and joint tenderness as well as pain relief has been shown. The authors found the evidence to be sufficient to warrant further larger trials to provide conclusive results and define optimal dosage and duration of therapy. 28 These findings are supported by other reviews, especially with regard to effective duration of therapy.
A more recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 90 patients with primary Sjorgen syndrome found no statistical significance in patient tiredness with a higher dosage after 6 months of therapy. Other studies, primarily in animals and healthy humans,
provide the theoretical rationale for the effect of GLA in inflammatory disease.

Multiple sclerosis

Despite a seemingly valid theoretical basis for the use of evening primrose oil in multiple sclerosis, there is a lack of evidence to substantiate its use and no new trials since the 1980s. A review of 3 trials suggested an effect with a slower progression of disability and improved relapse (severity and duration) scores, but a randomized, controlled trial, not included in the review, showed no effect.

Atopic dermatitis/Dermatologic disordersA number of reviews and randomized clinical trials suggest a lack of support for the use of evening primrose oil for atopic dermatitis. Many of the trials are of poor quality and have apparent issues of bias. While an earlier review suggested promising results, the most comprehensive meta-analysis to date was unable to establish efficacy. 3 A protocol seeking to assess the effects of oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for
treating the symptoms of atopic eczema has been published by the Cochrane Collaboration, the results of which are pending.

Other uses

Cardiovascular diseaseThere is no recent evidence to support older studies suggesting that evening primrose oil reduced platelet aggregation. An observational study suggests serum linoleic acid may protect against ischemic stroke. Despite limited older trials in humans and numerous studies using rats and rabbits, there are no recent randomized, controlled trials demonstrating a beneficial effect of evening primrose oil on cholesterol levels or serum lipids.
A more recent randomized, controlled trial found no effect on endothelial function or vascular tone with evening primrose oil supplementation.

Diabetic neuropathy

A review of 3 randomized, controlled trials suggested evening primrose oil might improve symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. Dosages in these trials ranged from 360 to 480 mg GLA daily. Few side effects were noted in these trials, and there was no increase in blood glucose levels.

Dyslexia/Brain development

Current interest in the use of evening primrose oil for enhancing intellectual performance in children is yet to be validated by rigorous research.Studies conducted in children with dyslexia suggest improved reading, spelling, and behavior, while a Cochrane systematic review and a long-term study (39 months) showed no long-term benefit in infants fed formula supplemented
with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Eye conditions

Study results disagree as to the effect of evening primrose oil on dry eye syndrome, 31 , 53 and there is concern regarding high intake of linolenic and linolenic acid and the risk of cataract development.

Dosage

Evening primrose oil has been administered orally in clinical trials at doses between 6 and 8 g/day in adults and 2 and 4 g/day in children. The typical content of GLA in the oil is 8% to 10%.

Pregnancy/Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Both linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid are normally present in breast milk, and it is reasonable to assume that evening primrose oil may be taken while breast-feeding.

Adverse Reactions

Evening primrose oil is suspected to lower the seizure threshold in epileptic patients.

Toxicology

Animal toxicological studies and extensive use of evening primrose oil over many years have revealed no data of concern. As a nutritional supplement, the maximum label-recommended daily dose of evening primrose oil is approximately 4 g, containing 300 to 360 mg GLA. There is little concern about the safety of evening primrose oil as a dietary supplement in the recommended dosage range.

Evening Primrose Oil for Premenstrual Syndrome

2008-12-20T20:17:00.000-08:00

Evening Primrose Oil for Premenstrual Syndrome

Clinical bottom line: There is no evidence from high quality studies to show that evening primrose oil reduces the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, including cyclical mastalgia. The included studies were small and of variable quality.

Premenstrual syndrome is associated with a mixture of emotional, somatic and behavioural symptoms. It is thought to result from disruption to the normal levels of certain fatty acids in the body. Evening primrose oil (EPO) contains the essential unsaturated fatty acids linoleic and
gamma-linoleic acid. The latter is thought to be helpful in restoring the body's natural balance of fatty acids.

Findings:

The included studies were of variable quality and were small. Women rated their symptoms over a treatment period of between 2-6 menstrual cycles.

Cyclical mastalgia:

Two randomised, cross-over studies compared EPO with liquid paraffin in women with cyclical mastalgia and noncyclical mastalgia (109 patients) over 3-4 cycles. The studies were described as double blind, but all patients received EPO at the cross-over. This removes the blinding from the second treatment phase. The dose of EPO was six capsules per day.

There was no significant, clinically relevant difference in breast tenderness, nodularity, pain, heaviness or lumpiness with EPO.

Premenstrual symptoms:

Six randomised, double blind studies compared EPO with liquid paraffin in 287 women with premenstrual symptoms over 2-6 cycles. In two studies, patient ratings showed no difference between EPO and liquid paraffin for breast pain, swelling and tenderness. Four studies (222 women) assessed mood, abdominal swelling, tiredness etc. Of these two were positive, one showed no difference between EPO and placebo, and one did not report its results.Five open, uncontrolled studies showed positive beneficial effects of EPO in 744 women with premenstrual symptoms. Response rates varied between 26-86%.

Adverse effects

The incidence of adverse effects was low and included rash, nausea, abdominal bloating, depression, dizziness. All adverse effects were also reported with placebo and included premenstrual symptoms. No further details were provided.

Comment

There is no compelling evidence of any additional beneficial effect of Evening Primrose Oil over that reported with placebo in any of the more methodologically rigorous studies. Two studies which were described as double blind were only blind for the first treatment phase. All of the studies were small and some were not controlled. The open studies are likely to be biased because of the lack of blinding. Their positive results are also likely to be invalid because of high placebo response rates in EPO trials.

Evening Primrose Oil for the Active Lifestyle

2008-12-20T20:11:00.000-08:00

Evening Primrose Oil for the Active Lifestyle

by Marian Brown

Fatty acids, essential fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, Linoleic acid (LA), Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) and prostaglandins. If these “buzz” words leave your head swimming you’re not alone. After the Food & Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization released a joint report addressing the role of dietary fats and oils in nutrition, much attention has been given the role these play in our health. The study recommended that at least 3% of our daily calorie intake should be in the form of these “essential fatty acids” (EFA), 5% for children and pregnant/lactating mothers.

What are essential fatty acids and what makes them so essential? EFA’s play important roles in our body‘s overall health. They are part of every cell and establish and control the cellular metabolism. EFA’s are essential in four primary body functions:

1) provide energy,
2) maintain body temperature,
3) insulate our nerves,
4) cushion and protect body tissues.

Two key polyunsaturated fatty acids (EFA’s) are Linoleic acid and Gamma-Linolenic acid. LA is
not produced by the body but must be obtained through the dietary intake. LA acts as an energy source and is what the body converts to GLA which in turn forms other substances such as prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that are found in every body cell. They are critical to the body’s overall health maintenance, but need to be replenished constantly as once they serve their purpose, they are destroyed.

The purposes of Prostaglandins include lowering blood pressure, reducing risks of blood clotting, stimulating the immune system, and regulating brain function. Animal studies at the University of Pennsylvania have also shown them to prevent arthritis. This is also being studied in humans trials in Europe with similar results. The source of EFA’s in these studies has been Evening Primrose Oil.

It was once believed that our diet would provide enough EFA’s but due to processing methods, the LA’s structure is changed ( then called trans fatty acids). These fatty acids actually block the normal conversion process. Our western lifestyle--too much saturated fat and cholesterol,
processed vegetable oils, and alcohol--also inhibits the normal conversion processes. These blockages become even more dramatic with age, low thyroid function, slower metabolism, infections, disease, and dietary considerations such as zinc deficiency.

Evening Primrose Oil is a natural, and the richest, source of Gamma-Linolenic acid. It contains about 72% Linoleic acid and 9 percent GLA. Since it contains the essential GLA, evening primrose oil is highly valuable to those who cannot otherwise form enough GLA. This would include those who do not get enough essential fatty acids in their diet, drink or have drunk excessive amounts of alcohol, have low thyroid function, or have received radiation treatment. The direct source of GLA takes the pressure off the body to produce the necessary amount of GLA for optimum health.

Preliminary studies in Sweden are relating Evening Primrose Oil to an anti-oxidant in that it also counter acts the formation of free radicals. Free radicals are most often associated with the aging process. Maintaining health is just one of the benefits of Evening Primrose Oil. It is also being studied extensively in England and Europe for its pain reduction in association with arthritis,
controlling complications of diabetes, controlling liver and kidney damage due to alcohol, depression, Multiple sclerosis, skin/hair/nail repair, and most impressively, controlling sever symptoms of PMS.

A study at St. Thomas Hospital in London found that when PMS suffers were given evening primrose oil three times daily, 67% of the participants were symptom-free and 22% achieved partial relief. (In all total, 89% had positive results with the evening primrose oil.) Although not as popular in the United States, Evening Primrose Oil is available at most health food stores and nutrition centers.

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Evening Primrose

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Evening Primrose (Oenothera Biennis)

Other Names: Common Evening Primrose, Fever plant, Great Evening-Primrose, King's-cure-all, Night willow-herb, Scabish, Scurvish, Tree primrose

Description
Evening Primrose is a North American native biennial plant. The plants are very tall, often 4 to 5 feet or more in height. The stem is erect, stout, soft-hairy, reddish and branching forming a shrub. Leaves are alternate, rough-hairy, lanceolate, about 3 to 6 inches long and lemon-scented. The taproot is elongated, fibrous, yellow on the outside and whitish within. The flower spikes grow on auxiliary branches all along the stalk. They are about 2-1/2 inched in diameter, bright yellow and have four petals, a cross shaped stigma and a refluxed calyx (leaves under petals). The flowers open in the evening and close up during the day and are strongly scented with a delicious sweet perfume which attracts pollinating moths. The fruit is an oblong 1 in. capsule
containing many tiny reddish seeds.

Habitat
Evening Primrose is found east of the Rockies to the Atlantic. Naturalized in Britain but found all over the world. It grows by roadsides, railway banks and waste places in dry open soils, gravelly places, meadows and old fields. Evening Primrose blooms from June to September. The entire plant is edible, gather edible roots and leaves in spring may be frozen, gather flowers, buds and young seed pods in bloom, gather entire plant in fall and dry for later herb use. Evening Primrose Oil is made from pressing oil from the tiny seeds. You can also grind the seeds of Evening Primrose and use them as you would flax seed.
Cultivation
Evening primrose is easily cultivated, it prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) well-drained soils and requires full sun. Plants will last two years and are self sowing.

Properties
Evening Primrose is edible and medicinal and has a long history of use as an alternative medicine . The leaves are cooked and eaten as greens and the roots are said to be sweet succulent and delicious when boiled like potatoes. Flowers are a sweet addition to salads or as a garnish and young seedpods are Steamed. This plant was a staple food for many Native American tribes. Formerly cultivated for its nutritious edible roots, it is being increasingly cultivated for the oil
contained in its seeds which contains certain the essential gamma-linoleinc acid (GLA), a very valuable fatty acid that is not found in many plants and has numerous vital functions in the body. GLA is an essential fatty acid that the body does not manufacture.
This fatty acid is known to help prevent hardening of the arteries, heart disease, eczema, cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, menopause, PMS, multiple sclerosis, and high blood pressure. It has a positive effect on sex hormone response including the hormones estrogen and testosterone, aids in lowering cholesterol levels, and is important in treating cirrhosis of the liver. Research also demonstrates that primrose oil helps relieve pain and inflammation. The oil also has a positive effect on the uterine muscles, nervous system and metabolism. The bark and the leaves are astringent and sedative. They have proved of use in the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders, whooping cough and asthma. A tea made from the roots is used in the treatment of obesity. A finely ground powder made from the flowering stems is used cosmetically in face-masks to counteract reddened skins.
Evening Primrose Oil.....

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Evening Primrose Oil

2008-08-23T10:09:00.000-07:00

Evening Primrose Oil

Evening primrose oil, a small yellow wildflower (Oenothera biennis), is rich in linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid. This means that our body must consume this nutrient because it is not made by the body. Essential fatty acids are also plentiful in foods, notably nuts and seed.

Evening primrose oil supplies another fatty acid, known as gamma-linolenic acid, or GLA (not to be confused with alpha-linolenic acid, which is one of the omega-3 fatty acids). You actually don’t need to consume GLA, because your body synthesizes it from linoleic acid and converts it to hormone-like chemicals important in maintaining health.

Evening Primrose Oil Benefits:
Evening primrose oil is said to cure, treat, or prevent rheumatoid arthritis, breast pain, hot flashes, premenstrual syndrome, eczema, and other skin problems; evening primrose oil is also said to lower blood cholesterol, and to be beneficial against diabetic neuropathy, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and heart disease.

Evening Primrose Oil bottom line:
You’ll do well to ignore nearly all the claims. Evening primrose oil is not effective against diabetic neuropathy. Current evidence shows evening primrose oil of no value in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome, diabetes, or heart disease. Evening primrose oil and similar products are unproven for any medical or health purpose. Manufacturers of evening primrose oil make troubling, unfounded, and illegal claims. It might be worth trying for rheumatoid arthritis, according to the Arthritis Foundation, but only on medical advice. Though evening primrose oil may cause headaches and rashes, it is generally safe, however, except in pregnancy.

What are Some Uses of Evening Primrose Oil?

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What are Some Uses of Evening Primrose Oil?

Menopause - Evening primrose oil is often used for conditions affecting women's health, such as breast pain associated with the menstrual cycle, menopausal symptoms, and premenstrual
syndrome. PMS suffers were given evening primrose oil three times daily, 67% of the participants were symptom-free and 22% achieved partial relief.

Eczema - Evening primrose oil has been used since the 1930s for treating eczema. Eczema symptoms include redness and scaling in addition to itching. Evening primrose oil is approved for skin disorders in several countries outside of the United States.

Rheumatoid Arthritis - It is sometimes used for trating conditions involving inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Osteoporosis - Primrose oil has been suggested as a possible treatment for bone loss and osteoporosis.

Heart Disease - Evening primrose oil has been used for decreasing the risk of heart disease by lowering cholesterol levels in the blood.

Hangovers - EPO seems to ease the effects of alcohol withdrawal, hangovers, and alcohol poisoning.

Bronchitis - There is evidence that primrose oil, in combination with thyme, may have some benefits in the treatment of acute bronchitis.

Diabetes - Early studies suggest that evening primrose oil may be helpful in diabetes.

Diabetic Neuropathy - Diabetic neuropathy is a nerve condition sometimes caused by diabetes. Patients experience numbness, tingling, pain, burning, or lack of sensation in the feet and leg areas.